MSCs are multi-potential cells that can differentiate into bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, marrow stroma, and other tissue types when induced by the appropriate biological cues in vitro [6,7]. To induce chondrogenic differentiation, MSCs are cultured at high density in a three-dimensional environment to enhance cell–cell interactions favorable for chondrogenesis, similar to embryonic mesenchymal cells that undergo chondrogenesis [8]. Previous studies have reported that MSCs exhibited chondrogenic properties when cultured in a cell pellet (CP) culture [9,10], a system that has been widely used in the study of MSC chondrogenesis [11–13].
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