Perhaps one the most influential background concepts linked to the CE is the Cradle to
Cradle concept (CIRAIG, 2015; Fischer and Pascucci, 2017; Korhonen et al., 2018). Cradle
to Cradle is a certification program currently managed by the non-profit Cradle to Cradle
Products Innovation Institute for firms wanting to transition to the CE. To be able to
repeatedly circulate materials with a preserved high quality, C2C assesses materials, sub
assemblies,
and finished products on five criteria: (1) chemistry or material health, (2) water
quality, (3) energy, (4) material use or reutilization, and (4) social fairness (MBDC LLC,
2013).
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