The unwanted dgradation, the necessity of frequent cleaning which eventually would result in high treatment cost, and often process failure. Bacteria, fungi, and eposition/growth of microorganisms on or within the membrane surface results in biofouling of the membrane. Generally, any fouling resulting from microbial colonization and biofilm formation is considered biofouling. Very few organisms present in the feed water can lead to significant biofouling of the membrane. Even membranes using pre-treated influent with substantial removal of microbe is susceptible to significant biofouling [14, 15].

Weight loss surgery (WLS), includes sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. The quality of a protein can be assessed using the “protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score” (PDCAA score) which reflects the relative adequacy of the nine indispensable or essential amino acids. The preferred form of calcium supplementation is calcium citrate (as opposed to calcium carbonate) since absorption is superior in the less acidic environment that results from gastric resection or bypass.